Skip to content
–
Pioneering state-of-the-art grazing spectrometers for basic physics research since 1987
  • Home
  • Hardware Products
  • Consulting Services
  • Applications
  • Staff
  • CONTACT US

CAL-32

CAL-32 Custom Anode Library

CAL-32

CAL-32 details main

CAL-32
Custom Anode Library

Characteristic Emission Lines from Electron-Impact Source

Photon
Energy
Species Material
49.3 eV Mg-L/M Mg (a)
72.4 eV Al-L/M Al (a)
Sapphire (b)
91.5 eV Si-L/M Si (b)
108.5 eV Be-K Be (b)
132.8 eV Y-Mz Y (b)
151.1 eV Zr-Mz Zr (a,b)
171.7 eV Nb-Mz Nb (a,b)
183.3 eV B-K B (b)
192.6 eV Mo-Mz Mo (a,b)
237 eV Ru-Mz Ru (b)
Energy Species Material
260 eV Rh-Mz Rh (b)
277 eV C-K Graphite (a)
284.4 eV Pd-Mz Pd (b)
311.7 eV Ag-Mz Ag (a)
348.3 eV Sc-Ll Sc (b)
352.9 eV Sc-Le Sc (b)
395.3 eV Ti-Ll Ti (a,b)
395.4 eV Sc-La Sc (b)
397 eV Sn-Mz Sn (a)
399.6 eV Sc-Lb Sc (b)
401.3 eV Ti-Le Ti (a,b)
Energy Species Material
446.5 eV V-Ll V (a)
452.2 eV Ti-La Ti (a,b)
458.4 eV Ti-Lb Ti (a,b)
500.3 eV Cr-Ll Cr (b)
510.2 eV Cr-Le Cr (b)
511.3 eV V-La V (a)
519.2 eV V-Lb V (a)
524.9 eV O-K Sapphire (b)
556.3 eV Mn-Ll Mn (b)
567.5 eV Mn-Le Mn (b)
572.8 eV Cr-La Cr (b)
582.8 eV Cr-Lb Cr (b)
615.2 eV Fe-Ll Fe/SS303 (a)
628 eV Fe-Le Fe/SS303 (a)
Energy Species Material
637.4 eV Mn-La Mn (b)
648.8 eV Mn-Lb Mn (b)
677.8 eV Co-Ll Co (b)
694 eV Co-Le Co (b)
705 eV Fe-La Fe/SS303 (a)
718.5 eV Fe-Lb Fe/SS303 (a)
742.7 eV Ni-Ll Ni (a)
762 eV Ni-Le Ni (a)
776.2 eV Co-La Co (b)
791.4 eV Co-Lb Co (b)
Photon
Energy
Species Material
811.1 eV Cu-Ll Cu (a)
832 eV Cu-Le Cu (a)
851.5 eV Ni-La Ni (a)
868.8 eV Ni-Lb Ni (a)
884 eV Zn-Ll Zn (a)
929.7 eV Cu-La Cu (a)
949.8 eV Cu-Lb Cu (a)
1011.7 eV Zn-La Zn (a)
1034.7 eV Zn-Lb Zn (a)
1036.2 eV Ge-Ll Ge (b)
Energy Species Material
1068 eV Ge-Le Ge (b)
1188 eV Ge-La Ge (b)
1218.5 eV Ge-Lb Ge (b)
1253.6 eV Mg-Ka Mg (a)
1302.2 eV Mg-Kb Mg (a)
1380 eV W-Mz W (b)
1486.7 eV Al-Ka Al (a)
Sapphire (b)
1557.5 eV Al-Kb Al (a)
Sapphire (b)
1685.4 eV Y-Ll Y (b)
1710 eV Ta-Ma Ta (a)
1740 eV Si-Ka Si (b)
Energy Species Material
1774 eV W-Ma W (b)
1761 eV Y-Le Y (b)
1792 eV Zr-Ll Zr (a,b)
1835.9 eV Si-Kb Si (b)
1876.5 eV Zr-Le Zr (a,b)
1902.2 eV Nb-Ll Nb (a,b)
1922.6 eV Y-La Y (b)
1996.2 eV Nb-Le Nb (a,b)
2015.7 eV Mo-Ll Mo (a,b)
2042.4 eV Zr-La Zr (a,b)
Energy Species Material
2165.9 eV Nb-La Nb (a,b)
2253 eV Ru-Ll Ru (b)
2293.2 eV Mo-La Mo (a,b)
2559 eV Ru-La Ru (b)
2697 eV Rh-La Rh (b)
2839 eV Pd-La Pd (b)
2984 eV Ag-La Ag (a)
3444 eV Sn-La Sn (a)
4091 eV Sc-Ka Sc (b)
4511 eV Ti-Ka Ti (a,b)
4952 eV V-Ka V (a)
5415 eV Cr-Ka Cr (b)
– – –

CAL-32

Download product pdf

These anode cap sets are designed to be used with the Manson electron impact sources1, models 2 and 5. As enumerated in the table, the anode library provides a multitude of characteristic lines from K, L and M-shell transitions, as well as Bremsstrahlung continua. The ability to select spectral lines at closely spaced soft x-ray photon energies allows the calibration of spectral features such as filter absorption edges, multilayer (Bragg) interference reflectance peaks and grating efficiency variations (see Fig. 2) without resorting to the use of a synchrotron radiation facility.

The same anode set fits both model 2 and model 5 Manson sources. As specified for each material in the table, the anode caps are constructed of either a) the metal itself, or b) a base of 303 stainless steel with the impact material affixed to the top using low-outgassing silver conductive epoxy. Each anode cap is vented and, following initial break-in, is compatible with vacuum into the 10-8 mbar range. With the exception of Be, all anode caps are reusable indefinitely by nylon pad cleaning of the anode surface after extended use.

Fig. 1 shows the spectrum produced by one typical anode material (zinc), consisting of several useable characteristic L-shell lines, plus an underlying continuum for the atomic number Z=30. As the Bremsstrahlung strength is highly dependent upon Z, the strongest continuum is obtained using tantalum (Z=73) or tungsten (Z=74). Anode set model CAL-32 comprises the following materials: Be(4), B, C, Sapphire, Mg, Al, Si, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, SS303, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ge, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru,Pd, Ag, Sn, Ta and W); refer to the characteristic emission line table for the available photon energies.

As an option, enhanced cooling of the operating anodes is available, using forced-air fans combined with a copper-block finned radiator. This is found to improve the positional stability of the emission region of the Manson source and stabilize its output intensity through reduced hydrocarbon contamination.

cal-32-fig1

Fig. 1. Spectrum of characteristic lines and Bremsstrahlung continuum from a zinc anode in the Manson model 2 source, using Hettrick SXR-II spectrometer and a CCD detector to record the spectrum.

cal-32-fig2
Fig. 2. Absolute efficiency measurements of a free-standing transmission grating, using numerous characteristic lines from CAL-32 anode library and Hettrick SXR-II monochromator.

1 Manson electron impact sources are manufactured and sold by Austin Instruments, Inc.
website: www.austinst.com
email: austinst@tiac.net
tel: 800-818-7403.

Copyright © 2025 Hettrick Scientific. All rights reserved.