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Pioneering state-of-the-art grazing spectrometers for basic physics research since 1987

Articles by hettri5_wp

Application/Feasibility Analyses main

Application/Feasibility Analyses

Prior to the purchase of a spectrometer or other hardware, the customer is often in need of a proper study on the feasibility of applying such an optical system to obtain the desired experimental result. As the inventor of all Hettrick Scientific spectrographs and monochromators and an expert in the field of soft x-ray and extreme UV optics, Dr. Michael C. Hettrick performs such technical analyses upon request for a fixed quoted fee. The study typically culminates in a written report, summarizing the salient findings and providing the scientist/engineer with a set of practical options for achieving the desired result in a timely and economical manner.

As a paid professional consultant, Dr. Hettrick will provide an unbiased analysis. The customer may instruct that the study either be restricted to a comparison of the detailed trade-offs and optimization in applying the various instruments available for sale by Hettrick Scientific, or be a more general technical analysis not geared towards expediting a sale of our products.

On-site Testing/Optimization main

On-site Testing/Optimization

These services are provided at an hourly on-site rate.

Applications main

Customer applications of Hettrick Scientific spectrographs and monochromators

  • Inertial confinement fusion (ICF) energy diagnostics
  • Characterization of soft x-ray and extreme UV plasma light sources
  • Basic research (e.g. gain-narrowing and coherence length) on soft x-ray/EUV lasers
  • Pre-flight long-beam calibration of astronomical telescope end-to-end payloads (ASTRO-D, AXAF, XMM)
  • Study of QE and charge-transfer in soft x-ray detectors (diodes, MCPs, CCDs and micro-calorimeters)
  • XAFS analysis of oxidized dead layer (O-K edge) in CCDs
  • Thin-film soft x-ray filter transmission measurements
  • Synthetic multilayer mirror reflectance rocking curve measurements
  • Absolute efficiency calibration and physical model parameter fitting of soft x-ray free-standing transmission gratings
  • Radiometric spectral measurement of high-power Z-pinch sources
  • Basic physics on Z-pinch driven soft x-ray hohlraums
  • Planckian kT determination of pulsed-laser driven EUV hohlraums
  • Femtosecond HHG (high harmonic generation) source characterization and spectral selection
  • Nanosecond and picosecond LPP (laser-produced plasma) source applications, including solid and liquid jet targets
  • Trans-uranic element photo-electron surface analysis
  • Measurement of temporal coherence length in soft x-ray interferometry
  • Manson (electron-beam) source spectral filtering of Bremsstrahlung and selection of characteristic emission lines

Quality Control main


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Chappy Publications

“Sleep – check … Bark – check … Sleep – check … Eat – check
—— BUSY DAY —— time to rest,” Chappy, Proc. Soc. Retired Canines (2015).

“I’m a Dog ….. I CAN’T ‘SPEAK’ ….. Just Give Me the Snack !” Chappy, Invited Lecture – Soc. Cognitive Res. (2014).

“How to Avoid Punishment by Volunteering it with a Guilty Face,” Chappy, J. Human Psychol. (2013).

“I am as Big as my Bark ……… or ….…. How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Provoking Shiba Inu’s,” Chappy, Failed Breeds of Artif. Selection (2012).

“To Understand a Cat, First Think of a Dog — then Subtract Loyalty and Trust,” Chappy, Cats ‘r Jerks – Vol. III (2011).

“The Best Hiding Places to Escape Taking a Bath,” Chappy, Diary entry (2010).

“The 101 Smells of Nogawa Park,” Chappy, Thesis (2009).

“This is MY Cave,” Chappy, Canine Homestead Act (2008).

“Men in White Touch Me in Inappropriate Places …….. get me OUT of here !” Chappy, Annals of the Coalition for Lonely Veterinarians (2007).

“The Health Benefits of Eating Shrimp Tails,” Chappy, Health and Nutr. Sci. (2006).

“Quickies with the Cute Young Bitch Next Door,” Chappy, J. Anim. Reprod. (2005).

“The Principle of Maximizing the Path-Length of a Walk through the Park,” Chappy, priv. communication – Fermat’s Dog (2004).

“Dinner Guests are Suckers for Free Food,” Chappy, J. Human Psychol. (2003).

“My Tongue is Cleaner than a Human’s …. are you SURE ?!” Chappy, Int. Symposium on Shameless Hygienics (2002).

“If it Falls on the Floor, It’s Mine,” Chappy, Common Law Review – Chapter 1 (2001).

Recent Research

RECENT RESEARCH

“Divergent groove gratings: wavelength scanning in fixed geometry spectrometers,” M.C. Hettrick, Opt. Express vol. 24, 26646-26666 (2016).

“A single-element plane grating monochromator,” M.C. Hettrick, Photonics, vol. 3(1), no. 3:1-44 (2016).

Supplementary material (Figure 3 animation) for “A single-element plane grating monochromator”
– download animation (29M)

“Corrections to ‘A Single-Element Plane Grating Monochromator’,” M.C. Hettrick, www.hettrickscientific.com (2016).

Patents main

Patents

Optical System For High Resolution Spectrometer/Monochromator
Patent #: 4776696

Aplanatic and Quasi-Aplanatic Diffraction Gratings
Patent #: 4798446

Varied Space Diffraction Grating and In-Focus Monochromator
Patent #: 4991934

Grating Monochromators and Spectrometers Based on Surface Normal Rotation
Patent #: 5274435

Curriculum vitae main

Education and Professional Experience

1976-1980
Undergraduate student, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (Troy, NY); United Technologies academic scholarship; research assistant in radio astronomy and theoretical astrophysics; member Society of Physics Students and American Astronomical Society; volunteer physics tutor.  Graduated magna cum laude, B.S. in Physics, minors in Mathematics and Astronomy.

1980-1981
Graduate student, Dept. Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley, under a graduate fellowship; teaching assistant.

1981-1987
Research Scientist, University of California at Berkeley: Space Sciences Laboratory, Physics Department and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory; invented several satellite and laboratory optical systems, including the grazing incidence spectrometers flown aboard the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (EUVE) and the XMM-Newton soft x-ray observatory.

1987- present
Founder, owner and sole operator of Hettrick Scientific.  Designed and manufactured grazing incidence spectrometers and optics sold to universities, national laboratories and companies worldwide for physics research.  Twice (1988, 1992) received the “R&D 100 award” for developing one of the 100 “most significant technical products” of the year.

1996
Doctoral thesis, “Optical Design and Experimental Development of Grazing Incidence Fixed Slit Spectrometers for High Resolution Plasma Diagnostics”, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Department of Fusion Science, Gifu, Japan, 1996.

Doctoral Thesis

Academic Journal Publications main

“Divergent groove gratings: wavelength scanning in fixed geometry spectrometers,” Hettrick, Opt. Express vol. 24, 26646-26666 (2016).

“Corrections to ‘A Single-Element Plane Grating Monochromator’,” Hettrick, www.hettrickscientific.com (2016).

“A single-element plane grating monochromator,” Hettrick, Photonics vol. 3(1), no. 3:1-44 (2016).

“Refined self-calibration of silicon photodiode efficiencies using a compact soft x-ray apparatus,” Hettrick et al., preprint (2011).

“Characteristics and scaling of tungsten-wire-array z-pinch implosion dynamics at 20 MA,” Cuneo et al., Phys. Rev. E 71, 046406 (2005).

“Profiled bar transmission gratings: soft x-ray calibration of new Kirchoff solutions,” Hettrick et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 43, pp. 3772-3796 (2004).

“Profiled bar transmission gratings: soft-x-ray calibration of new Kirchoff solutions—erratum,” Appl. Opt., vol. 43, p. 4785 (2004).

“Surface normal rotation: a new technique for grazing-incidence monochromators,” Hettrick, Appl. Opt. vol. 31, pp. 7174-7178 (1992).

“In-focus monochromator: theory and experiment of a new grazing incidence mounting,” Hettrick, Appl. Opt. vol. 29, pp. 4531-4535 (1990).

“High resolution gratings for the soft x-ray,” Hettrick, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. vol. A266, pp. 404-413 (1988).

“Resolving power of 35,000 (5 mA) in the extreme ultraviolet employing a grazing incidence spectrometer,” Hettrick et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 27, pp. 200-202 (1988).

“Maximum – a scanning photoelectron microscope at Alladin,” Cerrina et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. vol. A266, pp. 303-307 (1988).

“A beam line for layered synthetic microstructure studies,” Boudry et al., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. vol. A266, pp. 351-355 (1988).

“Laboratory astrophysics experiments in x-ray transfer physics relevant to cosmic accretion-powered sources,” Kahn et al., J. de Physique vol. 49 (colloque C1), 67 (1988).

“High resolution krypton M4.5 x-ray emission spectra,” Perera et al., X-Ray and Inner-Shell Processes Vol. 1, J. Phys. Colloques vol. 48 (1987).

“Stigmatic high throughput monochromator for soft x-rays,” Hettrick et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 25, pp. 4228-4231 (1986).

“Aplanatic grazing incidence diffraction grating: a new optical element,” Hettrick, Appl. Opt. vol. 25, pp. 3269-3282 (1986).

“Varied line-space gratings: past, present and future,” Hettrick, Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. vol. 560, pp. 96-108 (1986).

“A reflection grating spectrometer for the x-ray multi-mirror (XMM) space observatory – design and calculated performance, “Hettrick et al., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng. vol. 597, pp. 291-300 (1986).

“Grazing incidence reflection coefficients of rhodium, osmium, platinum and gold from 50 to 300 A,” Hettrick et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 24, pp. 3682-3685 (1985).

“Grazing incidence echelle spectrometers using varied line-space gratings,” Hettrick, Appl. Opt. vol. 24, pp. 1251-1255 (1985).

“Molybdenum-silicon multilayer mirrors for the extreme ultraviolet,” Barbee et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 24, pp. 883-886 (1985).

“Extreme ultraviolet explorer spectrometer,” Hettrick et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 25, pp. 1737-1756 (1985).

“Extreme UV measurements of a varied line-space Hitachi reflection grating: efficiency and scattering,” Edelstein et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 23, pp. 3267-3270 (1984).

“Proposed design class of grazing incidence echelle spectrometers: critical analysis and reevaluation,” Hettrick et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 23, pp. 4058-4066 (1984).

“Grazing incidence telescopes: a new class for soft x-ray and EUV spectroscopy,” Hettrick et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 23, pp. 3732-3735 (1984).

“Grazing incidence telescopes: a new class for soft x-ray and EUV spectroscopy; addendum,” Hettrick et. al., vol. 24, p. 929 (1985).

“Interference methods in the testing and fabrication of new-design grazing incidence gratings,” Hettrick et al., Proc. Soc. Photo-Opt. Instrum. Eng., vol. 503, pp. 106-113 (1984)

“Aberrations of varied line-space grazing incidence gratings in converging light beams,” Hettrick, Appl. Opt. vol. 23, pp. 3221-3235 (1984).

“Variable line-space gratings: new designs for use in grazing incidence spectrometers,” Hettrick et al., Appl. Opt. vol. 22, pp. 3921-3924 (1983).

“Maximizing the quantum efficiency of microchannel-plate detectors: the collection of photoelectrons from the interchannel web using an electric field,” Taylor et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. Vol. 54, pp. 171-176 (1983).

“Velocity structure in the Canis Major R1 molecular clouds,” Machnik et al., ” Astrophys. J. vol. 242, pp. 121-131 (1980).

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